Here, the expectation is that young people’s online activities will strongly mirror offline behaviors and contexts.
In contrast, co-construction theories of new media view adolescents as active participants in online contexts and recognize the bi-directional nature of adolescents’ engagement with digital technologies. Most prior research has adopted a population-level, or one size fits all, approach to estimating harmful or beneficial “effects” of digital technologies on young people, with assumed causal arrows flowing from digital media use to adolescents’ wellbeing. 1, 2, 3 This narrative that digital technology is universally harmful to youth persists despite recent reviews and rigorous large-scale analyses of adolescents demonstrating tiny to null associations between digital technology usage and wellbeing. Media reports are filled with warnings about the toxic effects of digital technology on nearly every aspect of adolescents’ lives from depression and suicide to lack of sleep and poor academic performance.
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